ူenglish grammar

Noun

Concrete noun – person/place/thing –man/river/dog

Abstract nouns- name /idea/concepts/emotion – love/happiness

Compound noun

3 kinds of compound noun

A single word-haircut/toothpaste

Two words-rain forest/ice cream

Hyphenated- self-esteem/ brother-in-law

Two-word proper nouns-Nelson Mandela, Eiffel Tower,Atlantic Ocean

Common nouns- boy/river/car/doctor - Proper nouns – James/ Mississippi River/Ford/Doctor Jefferson/

Collective nouns – family/team/choir/jury/committee/heard/pod

Possessive nouns – Dog’s collar/Sister’s backpack/Car’s engine

Bess’s dress, bus’s tires

Dogs’ collar/sisters’ backpacks

pronouns

I wrote a story about my cat and me. ( not me and my cat)(when using the 1st person pronouns I or me, we generally put these pronouns last.

Sometime for clarity or emphasis, writer use a pronoun and a noun together/

We writers enjoy writing fiction. The teacher explained the lesson to us students.

Diana is a better speller than I. he knows a lot more than she. We grew as much as they. She plays basketball just as well as I.( if use than or as to compare) but – ငါ႔ကိုၿကိုက္သေလါက္ ၿကိုက္ -she likes him as much as (she likes) me. She likes him as much as I (do). ငါၿကိုက္သေလါက္ၿကိုက္

Liking verb အေၿကာင္း- ADJECTIVE ဟါ linking verb or sense verb ေနာက္က ကပ္ပါတတ္ပါတယ္။

Participle ေတြဟါ Linkng verb ေနာက္ကဆို ing ပံုစံနဲ႔။ sense verb ေနာက္ကဆို ed ပံုစံနဲ႔ သံုးတတ္ပါတယ္။

Adjective can come after verbs that describe someone or something e.g. be/get/become etc(calling liking verbs) or a sense verb ( smell,taste,feel.look,seem etc)

Our progress was /seem/felt slow.

His food tastes/smells/looks amazing.

Participle ( participial ) adjectives

Some adjectives are formed out of the present and past participles of verbs

To amaze -----amazing / amazed

To interest------interesting/interested

‘ing’ adjectives are describe the person or object

He is an interesting person. His stories are interesting.

‘ed’ adjectives describe feeling and attitudes

We are interested in him and his stories.

Adv describes a verb(an action), an adjective, another adverb, or a whole sentence.

Adv ေတြက ေတါ႔ verb, adjective, another adverb, or a whole sentence ကို ပိုေလးနက္ေစပါတယ္။

We progressed slowly. ( describing a verb)

He is an incredibly amazing cook. ( describing an adjective)

He cooks really amazingly.( describing an adverb)

Interestingly, he comes from England.( the whole sentence)

Adv ေတြဟါ မ်ားေသါအါးၿဖင္႔ adj ကေန ၇ယူပါတယ္။

Quick----quickly

Lovely/friendly/lonely/orderly/silly/lively/deadly/timely(adj)

Both adj and adv –weekly,monthly,

• Formal --- That was real nice. come quickly

ထူးၿခားတဲ႔ adv ေတြ

Good --- well

Fast ----fast

Hard------hard

Early----early

Late----late

Far—far

Long---long

Straight---straight

Fine---fine

This food smell good

Jane is bored by his stories.-----because his stories are boring

They were surprised by the news -------because the news was surprising

He sings well(good)

He’s a wonderfully good singer.

He sings incredible ( incredibly) well.

Hard, late, short ---adj/adv (hardly/lately/shortly are not adv form of hard/late/short)

Hardly ---- not adv form of hard

Hardly=almost not

I hardly know him = I don’t really know him.

He’s a hard worker ----he works hard.

Lately = recently

I haven’t seen her lately = I haven’t seen her recently

The bus was late --- I arrived home late.

Shortly = soon

I’ll call you back shortly( soon)

He cut his speech short. (adv)

Yesterday, I finished work very late.

This bread smells good.

This is absolutely true.

Can you see anything? No, I can hardly see anything.

I was fascinated by the image.

This is a monthly report,.

Yesterday’s meeting was tiring.

She spoke to the child lovingly.

I have worked hard on this project.

They welcomed us in a friendly fashion.

အဂၤလိပ္စါမွာ အသံုးမ်ားတါက gerund ပါ။

Gerunds=Verbal nouns

Fishing is fun.( fishing = gerund = noun)

Gerunds are subjects, objects or complements

Smoking costs a lot of money.

I don’t like writing

My favourite occupation is reading.

Gerund + object

Smoking cigarettes costs a lot of money.

I don’t like writing letters

My favourite occupation is reading detective stories.

As adjective

Pointless questioning, a settling of debts( not settling debts), the making of Titanic, his drinking of alcohol

Prepositions ေနာက္မွာ noun မဟုတ္၇င္ gerunds ၇ိွ၇မယ္။

I will call you after arriving at the office

(=I will call you after my arrival at the office)

Please have a drink before leaving

(please have a drink before your departure.)

I am looking forward to meeting you.

ေအါါက္က verb ေတြေနာက္မွာ gerund လိုက္တါမ်ားပါတယ္။

Admit, appreciate, avoid, carry on, consider, defer, delay, deny, detest, dislike, endure, enjoy, escape, excuse, face, feel like, finish, forgive, give up, can’t help, imagine, involve, leave off, mention, mind, miss, postpone, practice, put off, report, resent,risk, can’t stand, suggest, understand

I can’t stand not seeing you.

Gerund in passive sense

Need, require, want ေနာက္ မွာ passive sense အေနနဲ႔သံုးပါတယ္။

The house wants repainting.

Need to be repainted

Gerund ; wearing(gerund= activity) loose pants while riding(participle) a bicycle is dangerous.

The man is riding a bike.-continuous verb

Adj participle – wearing a blue and backless dress, the actress created quite a stir at the party.

The actress, who was wearing -------

Who / when/where/ what /why -----

Sentence types

Simple -1 independent clause

Compound – 2 or more ind clause + conjunction

Complex – 1 ind + dependent c (s) noun/adj/adv clause

Comp + complex – 2 or more ind cl + 1 or more dep cl

Layla studied biology

Simple sentence - Even with the weather being that nasty, the couple and their families decided to go ahead with the wedding as planned.

Compound

I arrived at the office at 9, and my assistant came 10 minutes later, but she was sick so I told her to go home.

Complex

John retired when he turned 65.

Whether you agree with me or not makes little difference to our investors, who, by the way, are the ones most affected by whatever mistakes we make.(sub + direct obj + indirect obj+ dependent clause Complement)

Compound + complex

Bill voted against the measure because he felt that it wasn’t strong enough, but he also offered to continue discussions, which we will do next week.